Tests

F-Gas English Low GWP

All questions
HFC | Flammable | CO₂ | NH₃
Easy questions | Medium questions | Difficult questions

1

Easy

What is the base unit of mass according to the International System of Units (Système International d’Unités)?


Pound
N
kg
t

2

Medium

What process takes place in the condenser of a refrigeration system?


Hot refrigerant vapour is pumped from the compressor to the condenser, where it is cooled and then condensed. In this heat exchanger, the resulting liquid refrigerant is also slightly subcooled.
The refrigerant releases the heat absorbed in the compressor via the condenser
The medium flowing through the evaporator (glycol, water) condenses, whilst the refrigerant evaporates.
In the condenser, the refrigerant releases the heat absorbed in the evaporator into the surroundings.

3

Medium

What determines the condensation temperature of an air-cooled unit?


On the evaporation (boiling) temperature.
On the ambient temperature.
On the superheat temperature.
On the compressor and discharge temperatures

4

Medium

Is energy required when heat is transferred from the condenser to the surroundings?


Yes, but only when using HFC refrigerants.
The heat flow balances the energy input.
Yes, in every case.
No, because according to the second law of thermodynamics, thermal energy always flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature.

5

Medium

What should you pay attention to during the operation of the condenser?


Care should be taken to ensure that the air temperature at the condenser inlet is lower than the air temperature at the condenser outlet.
You should ensure the general maintenance of the condenser and keep the heat exchange surfaces clean.
Ensure that the air temperature at the condenser outlet is higher than the condensation temperature.
Pay attention to the fan’s operation and the ambient temperature.

6

Medium

What criteria should be considered when selecting a suitable condenser?


Condensers should be selected based on your own experience, and the condenser’s geometric parameters should be taken into account.
These include size and the number of fans. The geometric parameters of the condenser must be taken into account.
First and foremost, you should consider the operating noise level of the fans, the diameter of the connection pipes and the colour scheme.
The required capacity of the condenser and the technical specifications declared by the manufacturer must be taken into account.

7

Medium

How do contaminants (dust, particulates, deposits) affect the performance and efficiency of heat exchange surfaces in condensers?


Contaminants restrict heat transfer (reducing the heat transfer coefficient) and cause an increase in condensing temperature and pressure, which in turn leads to a reduction in the condenser’s efficiency.
Contaminants do not significantly affect the efficiency and effectiveness of the heat exchange surfaces in condensers.
Contaminants restrict heat transfer (reducing the heat transfer coefficient) and cause a reduction in condensing pressure.
Contaminants increase the heat transfer area and reduce the condensing pressure.

8

Medium

If an air-cooled condenser becomes contaminated, will the condensation efficiency?


It remains unchanged.
It will increase as a result of the fan speed being raised further.
It will decrease.
It will increase.

9

Medium

What can cause frost to form on the evaporator?


a drop in cooling capacity.
Frost build-up on the evaporator increases airflow resistance and, consequently, causes the fan motor to work harder.
A reduction in the temperature of the cooled substance.
An increase in refrigerant flow resistance and a reduction in the refrigerant flow rate through the evaporator.

10

Medium

What happens when the evaporation temperature drops?


The compressor’s cooling capacity decreases.
The condenser fan speed increases.
The discharge temperature decreases.
The compressor’s cooling capacity increases.

11

Medium

When is defrosting using the refrigerant possible?


Never. We use electricity for defrosting (for example, using a special electric heater).
Only when using speed-controlled fans.
Defrosting using the refrigerant is not possible at all.
In the case of air-cooled chillers, only when the air temperature is above 0°C.

12

Medium

When can frost form on the evaporator surface?


In the case of finned evaporators.
Frost forms only when the refrigeration system is operating continuously.
Frost always forms on air coolers.
Only in the case of air coolers, when the air temperature drops below 0°C.

13

Medium

In the case of extensive pipework systems, secondary evaporation of the refrigerant can be prevented by...


using smaller-diameter pipes.
additional cooling.
by insulating the pipes between the compressor and the condenser.
using larger-diameter pipes.

14

Medium

How does hot gas defrosting of the evaporator work?


We switch on the gas heater directed at the evaporator.
Heated vapour (hot gas) from the compressor is directed into the evaporator piping.
This involves reversing the direction of rotation of the compressor.
We swap the outlet and inlet sides of the evaporator.

15

Medium

What is the function of the evaporator in a refrigeration system?


It ensures that the refrigerant is superheated over the largest possible heat exchange surface area.
It evaporates the water flowing through the evaporator.
It cools the refrigerant.
Thanks to the evaporator, the cooled medium transfers heat to the boiling refrigerant.

16

Medium

What conditions must be met for the evaporator to be defrosted using electric heaters?


The electric heaters must be positioned in direct contact with the refrigerant so that the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator is at a sufficiently high temperature.
Thanks to the forced air flow created by the fans, the heat from the heaters is transferred to the heat exchanger.
The electric heaters must be positioned beneath the evaporator’s heat exchange surface.
The electric heaters must be in contact with the evaporator’s heat exchange surface (the heater must touch the fins).

17

Medium

Refrigerant distributor:


ensures an even distribution of the refrigerant to the individual sections of the evaporator.
ensures even distribution of the refrigerant to the individual sections of the condenser.
acts as a buffer for the refrigerant in the event that the pressure upstream of the expansion valve is exceeded.
ensures the even distribution of the refrigerant discharged by compressors connected in parallel.

18

Medium

What are the possible methods of defrosting air coolers?


Natural defrosting; there are no other effective methods.
Electric defrosting, liquid defrosting or defrosting using hot refrigerant vapour.
Hot gas defrosting.
Electric defrosting only.

19

Medium

The boiling point increases (and consequently the rate of evaporation increases) if the pressure above the liquid...


Falls.
Remains constant.
Rises.
It behaves differently depending on the ambient temperature.

20

Medium

MOP in thermostatic expansion valves stands for:


maximum operating pressure.
self-cleaning of the valve in the event of moisture in the refrigerant freezing.
minimum flow opening.
maximum pressure switch protection.

21

Medium

The function of a thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) in a refrigeration system is:


to control the amount of refrigerant supplied to the evaporator depending on the superheat of the vapour leaving that heat exchanger.
regulating the superheat of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator so that it is at the minimum value.
to maintain a constant suction pressure to the compressor.
to consistently adjust the evaporation pressure in the condenser depending on the temperature of the refrigerant vapour leaving the condenser.

22

Medium

When using a capillary tube, what type of motor can be used in the compressor?


A motor with low starting torque can be used.
A low-speed motor should be used.
An electronically commutated motor approved for use with the compressor should be used.
A motor with high starting torque must be used.

23

Medium

What does the thermostatic expansion valve regulate?


The mass flow of the refrigerant injected into the evaporator.
Discharge temperature.
Cooling.
Evaporation pressure after.

24

Medium

The refrigerant absorbs heat when...


freezes.
sublimates
it condenses.
it evaporates.

25

Medium

In the case of a thermostatic expansion valve, the manufacturer specifies...


...the static superheat of the valve.
…the degree of refrigerant expansion.
  ...the degree to which the valve is filled with refrigerant liquid.
...the superheat value during valve operation.

26

Medium

How do we charge a new or repaired system with refrigerant when it is fitted with an expansion valve


in any way.
behind the condenser to the liquid refrigerant receiver.
to the suction side of the compressor.
Charging with refrigerant takes place during operation via the outlet connection of the refrigerant capillary tube.

27

Medium

What does a thermostatic/electronic expansion valve regulate?


The amount of refrigerant by controlling the evaporator superheat.
The evaporation pressure, closing when it falls below the setpoint temperature.
The number of revolutions of the compressor per unit of time.
Condenser subcooling by adjusting the condensing pressure.

28

Medium

What does the MOP function in expansion valves mean?


This means that these expansion valves are set to limit subcooling.
It means that these expansion valves are set to limit the maximum operating pressure.
This means that these expansion valves are set to prevent overheating.
This means that these expansion valves are set to a specific suction pressure.

29

Medium

The lower the temperature of the liquid refrigerant upstream of the expansion valve,


...the lower the theoretical coefficient of cooling efficiency qo will be, and the lower the system’s energy efficiency will be.
... the higher the theoretical coefficient of cooling capacity qo will be, and the greater the cooling capacity Qo will be.
...the lower the theoretical coefficient of refrigeration efficiency qo will be, and the lower the refrigeration capacity Qo will be.
  ...the lower the theoretical coefficient of cooling efficiency qo will be, whilst the cooling capacity Qo remains unchanged.

30

Medium

The MOP point in the expansion valve, due to the maximum evaporation temperature of the refrigeration system, ...


...must be approximately 5 K lower.
...must be approximately 7 K higher.
The value of the MOP point is irrelevant.
...must be approximately 7 K lower.

31

Medium

What is the function of the suction pressure regulator?


It maintains the suction pressure at a constant level.
It prevents a drop in suction pressure and, if necessary, shuts down the refrigeration system.
To maintain the suction pressure at the highest possible level.
It limits the suction pressure and protects the compressor from excessively high suction pressure.

32

Medium

What is the function of the valve regulating water flow through the condenser?


To maintain the condensing pressure at a constant level.
To maintain the condensing pressure at the lowest possible level.
To maintain the water temperature at the highest level.
To maintain the condensing pressure at the highest possible level.

33

Medium

The use of a refrigerant distributor requires a thermostatic expansion valve …


… with internal pressure equalisation.
… with a MOP function.
… with an adsorption-type sensor filling.
… with external pressure equalisation.

34

Medium

What properties should good insulation materials have?


It must have a high thermal conductivity.
It must be able to absorb large amounts of moisture.
It must have a low thermal conductivity.
It must have a good antistatic coating

35

Medium

When do we encounter the superheated state?


This is a state that arises as a result of the temperature difference between the suction side and the discharge side of a compressor.
This is the temperature difference between the actual vapour temperature and the vapour temperature at saturation.
It is the temperature difference between the evaporation temperature and the ambient temperature.
It is a condition in which the compressor motor temperature rises excessively.

36

Medium

How can you check whether the liquid refrigerant is reaching the expansion valve without vapour bubbles?


We are unable to check this.
We check using a liquid pressure gauge.
We check using a pressure gauge fitted on the discharge side of the compressor.
We check this using a sight glass.

37

Medium

The liquid lines are located...


between the compressor and the condenser.
between the evaporator and the regenerative heat exchanger.
between the evaporator and the compressor.
between the condenser and the liquid receiver.

38

Medium

What is the function of the liquid receiver in a refrigeration system?


When an installation technician does not know the exact amount of refrigerant required, the tank serves as a safety reserve for the entire refrigeration system.
The tank is used to collect the liquid refrigerant and excess oil in the system.
The tank is used to store and ensure an adequate supply of refrigerant in the event of fluctuations in the thermal load of the refrigeration system.
The reservoir is used to further cool the liquefied refrigerant leaving the condenser.

39

Medium

What is the purpose of the liquid refrigerant reservoir?


The tank is used to collect the liquid refrigerant and excess oil in the system.
The tank is required during maintenance work, when there is a temporary need to store the refrigerant that has been circulating in the refrigeration system up to that point.
When an installation technician does not know the exact amount of refrigerant required, the tank serves as a safety reserve for the entire refrigeration system.
The tank is used to further cool the liquefied refrigerant leaving the condenser.

40

Medium

Where should the liquid receiver be installed?


It should be fitted between the compressor and the condenser.
It should be fitted after the evaporator.
It should be fitted just before the compressor.
It should be installed downstream of the condenser, upstream of the expansion valve.

41

Medium

What is the function of the suction pressure regulator fitted to the suction pipe when the compressor starts up?


It regulates the condensing pressure.
It regulates the evaporation pressure.
It closes when the suction pressure upstream of the compressor drops.
It opens when the suction pressure upstream of the compressor drops.

42

Medium

The use of microchannel heat exchangers, compared with conventional heat exchangers made of copper tubes and fins, results in:


A reduction in the system’s energy efficiency.
There is no effect whatsoever on either the amount of refrigerant or energy efficiency.
A reduction in the amount of refrigerant and an increase in energy efficiency.
An increase in the amount of refrigerant in the system and an increase in condensing pressure.

43

Medium

Which refrigerants belong to the HFC group?


R134a, R32, R22, R507A, R290.
R134a, R404A, R507A, R410A.
R22, R401A.
R11, R12, R502.

44

Medium

Which refrigerants belong to the HFO group?


R1234yf, R1234ze.
R134a, R404A.
R22, R12.
R134a, R290.

45

Medium

What are the characteristics of R410A refrigerant compared to R407C refrigerant?


The saturation pressure of R410A refrigerant is higher than that of R407C.
The saturation pressure of R407C is 150% higher than that of R410A.
The saturation pressure of both refrigerants is roughly the same.
The saturation pressure of R407C refrigerant is much higher than that of R410A.

46

Medium

What does the TEWI parameter define?


This is a parameter that quantifies the impact of refrigerants on the ozone layer.
It is the total (global) greenhouse gas equivalent – this indicator takes into account the refrigerant’s direct capacity to contribute to the greenhouse effect and its indirect impact on it through the energy consumption (during the production of which CO₂ is generated) by the refrigeration unit in operation.
It is the global warming potential, expressed in terms of carbon dioxide (CO₂), over a 100-year time horizon.
This is a parameter defining the ozone layer’s ability to recover (regenerate).

47

Medium

What are the characteristics of R452A refrigerant compared to R404A?


Both refrigerants are homogeneous refrigerants with no temperature glide.
It is a non-flammable refrigerant, a mixture from the HFC/HFO group with thermodynamic properties similar to those of R404A and a GWP approximately 45% lower than that of R404A.
It is a flammable and toxic homogeneous refrigerant from the HFC group.
The temperature glide of R452A is half that of R404A.

48

Medium

What is the distinguishing feature of R1234yf compared to R134a?


A higher critical temperature.
greater flammability.
greater toxicity.
a higher boiling point at standard pressure.

49

Medium

Compared to R134a, the refrigerant CO₂ is characterised by?


Unlike R134a, it is an azeotropic mixture.
It has a lower critical temperature, higher operating pressures and greater volumetric efficiency, allowing for the use of a smaller quantity of refrigerant compared to R134a.
It has a temperature slip of 7K greater than R134a.
It has identical thermodynamic properties and can be used as a drop-in replacement for R134a.

50

Medium

The following are not classified as fluorinated greenhouse gases:


Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
Carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

51

Difficult

What additional protective equipment will you use when soldering systems containing HC refrigerants?


Tinted safety goggles
Fire blanket
Flammable gas detector
High-visibility jacket

52

Difficult

Why can’t a sealed high-pressure switch be replaced with a standard mechanical one in a system containing a flammable refrigerant?


Dust and moisture may enter
The pressure switch setting will not be correct
There is a risk of refrigerant leakage
It is a potential source of ignition

53

Difficult

What is the minimum distance from the work area where HC refrigerants are used at which there must be no sources of ignition?


2 m
1 m
3 m
0.5 m

54

Difficult

What is the maximum safe charge for a recovery cylinder with R32 refrigerant, if it can be charged with 20 kg of R410A?


9 kg
18 kg
33 kg
20 kg

55

Difficult

According to EN 378, what is the maximum charge of an A3 refrigerant for a display unit (hermetic, with an internal condenser) located in the ground-floor retail area of a supermarket?


1.5 kg
2.5 kg
10 kg
1.0 kg

56

Difficult

How can a vacuum pump be used safely to evacuate a system containing a flammable refrigerant?


Position the vacuum pump 3 metres above floor level
Fit a long hose to the pump outlet to remove HC away from the system
There is no need to evacuate such systems
Use an ATEX-certified vacuum pump in a well-ventilated area

57

Medium

What is the greenhouse effect?


It causes the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth to be trapped in the upper atmosphere.
It lowers the average surface temperature of the Earth.
It alters the composition of the atmospheric air.
It causes an increase in temperature close to the Earth’s surface (up to 10 metres above the surface).

58

Difficult

What protective equipment must you have in your car when transporting flammable substances?


A fire extinguisher
Fire blanket
Tinted safety goggles
Thick gloves

59

Difficult

How would you remove the refrigerant from a 10kg R32 water chiller, located outdoors, before unsoldering the connections?


Vent the R32 to the outside; charge the system with nitrogen until an overpressure is achieved, vent and drain the system twice, charge the system with nitrogen a third time and vent
Recover the R32 until a vacuum is achieved, then charge the system with nitrogen to a relative pressure of 0.1 bar g
Recover the R32 until a vacuum is achieved
Vent the R32 to the outside and drain the system

60

Medium

What is R1270?


Propene
Butane
Propene
Isobutane

61

Difficult

Which of the following leak detection methods cannot be used to locate an HC refrigerant leak?


Soapy water solution
Electronic HFC leak detector
Electronic leak detector for flammable refrigerants
Leak detection foam

62

Difficult

What is the most important difference between a flammable refrigerant recovery unit and a standard one?


Different low-pressure switch setting
A flammable refrigerant recovery unit has no ignition sources
A different colour for the station
Different connection sizes

63

Difficult

Which of the following is a source of ignition?


Ex-certified evaporator fan motor
‘n’ type thermostat
Defrost heating element
Contactor

64

Difficult

What substance is produced when R32 is burnt?


Phosgene
Hydrogen fluoride
Carbon monoxide
Hydrochloric acid

65

Difficult

What type of refrigerant is R1234ze?


Hydrocarbon
Chloro-fluoro-hydrocarbon
Hydrofluoroolefin
Hydrochlorofluoro-hydrocarbon

66

Difficult

What hazards does a Group A3 refrigerant pose?


Low toxicity, moderate flammability
Low toxicity, highly flammable
High toxicity, moderate flammability
High toxicity, high flammability

67

Difficult

According to EN 378, what is the maximum charge of R290 in a cold store measuring 5 m x 3 m x 2.5 m in height (the LFL for R290 is 0.038 kg/m³)?


1.0 kg
0.285 kg
4.93 kg
1.5 kg

68

Easy

What does the GWP indicator mean?


It is an expansion of the abbreviation ‘Global Warming Potential’ and indicates the rate of increase in air temperature
It is the global warming potential. The impact on global warming caused by 1 kg of a given gas or chemical substance, expressed as a GWP value, where GWP=1 represents the global warming caused by 1 kg of CO₂ over a period of 100 years (the global warming potential of a unit mass of a given gas over a 100-year period, relative to the warming caused by a unit mass of CO₂).
This is an indicator expressing the potential to deplete the ozone layer.
It is a unit expressing the ability to enhance the ozone layer.

69

Difficult

What is the cooling capacity of R32 compared to R410A?


60%
75%
105%
130%

70

Difficult

Why are Ex-certified evaporator fan motors used in some systems with flammable refrigerants?


Because they must be kept running continuously to disperse the leaking refrigerant
Because they are more reliable
To avoid a source of ignition in the event of a flammable refrigerant leak
Because they are more energy-efficient

71

Difficult

Why is the difference in density between HC and HFC refrigerants important?


Because it increases operating pressures
Because it affects the charge weight
Because it affects energy efficiency
Because it affects the charging rate

72

Difficult

What is the GWP value for R290?


3
7
A. 0.02
675

73

Difficult

Which of the following is not a source of ignition?


Light switch
Electrical switch
An Ex-certified fan motor
Open mechanical pressure switch

74

Difficult

What is R290?


Propene
Propylene
Butane
Propene

75

Difficult

According to EN 378, what is the maximum HC refrigerant charge for a display unit (hermetic system with an internal condenser) located in the ground-floor shopping area of a supermarket?


1.0 kg
150 g
2.5 kg
1.5 kg

76

Difficult

Why can’t a standard relay be fitted when retrofitting a compressor’s electrical system for flammable refrigerants?


It could be a source of ignition
The method of starting the compressor motor differs from that used with HFCs
Current consumption differs for compressors using flammable refrigerants compared to those using HFCs
A relay is never required for compressors using flammable refrigerants

77

Difficult

What is the minimum distance from the work area where HC refrigerants are used at which there must be no sources of ignition?


10 m
5 m
3 m
1 m

78

Difficult

What is the safe charge for a recovery cylinder with R290 refrigerant, if it can be charged with 10 kg of R404A?


8 kg
3.6 kg
17 kg
20 kg

79

Medium

How do refrigeration systems contribute to the greenhouse effect, i.e. the rise in atmospheric temperature at the Earth’s surface?


As a result of oil being emitted into the atmosphere by the condenser and filter
Indirectly (through energy consumption) and directly (through the emission of refrigerants into the atmosphere)
Refrigeration equipment emits CO₂ both directly and indirectly.
Through the leakage of refrigerant into the environment.

80

Difficult

How can a vacuum pump be used safely to evacuate a system containing R290?


There is no need to evacuate systems containing R290
Position the vacuum pump 3 metres above floor level
Use an ATEX-certified vacuum pump in a well-ventilated area
Fit a long hose to the pump outlet to remove HC away from the system

81

Difficult

In accordance with ADR regulations, what protective equipment must you have in your vehicle when transporting flammable refrigerants?


Thick gloves
Tinted safety goggles
A fire extinguisher
Fire blanket

82

Difficult

How do you ensure it is safe to light the torch needed to desolder joints in a system that has been evacuated of flammable refrigerant?


Work outdoors
You must not desolder joints on a system containing a flammable refrigerant; they must be cut using a pipe cutter
Purge the system with oxygen-free nitrogen
Ensure the area is well ventilated and use a flammable gas detector to check the area

83

Difficult

How would you remove the refrigerant from a system containing 100 g of R1270 so that it is ready for the joints to be desoldered?


Recover the R1270 until a vacuum is achieved, then charge the system with nitrogen to a relative pressure of 0.1 bar g
Vent the R1270 to the outside; charge the system with nitrogen until an overpressure is reached, vent and evacuate the system twice, charge the system with nitrogen a third time and vent
Recover the R1270 until a vacuum is achieved
Vent the R1270 to the outside and drain the system

84

Difficult

Which of the following leak detection methods cannot be used to locate a leak of R290 refrigerant?


Leak detection foam
Fluorescent dye and a UV lamp
Electronic leak detector for flammable refrigerants
Electronic HFC leak detector

85

Difficult

Why can’t recovery stations designed for HFCs be used with R600a?


The recovery unit cannot withstand the working pressure of R600a
The oil in the recovery unit is not soluble in R600a
It contains ignition sources
The low-pressure switch setting will not be suitable for R600a due to its lower operating pressure

86

Difficult

According to EN 378, what is the maximum charge of R1234ze in a cold store measuring 5 m x 3 m x 2.5 m in height (the LFL for R1234ze is 0.303 kg/m³)?


2.27 kg
6.18 kg
618 kg
227 kg

87

Difficult

What type of refrigerant is R32?


Hydrofluorocarbon
Hydrofluoroolefin
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon

88

Difficult

What hazards do A2L refrigerants pose?


High toxicity, moderate flammability
High toxicity, high flammability
Low toxicity, moderate flammability
Low toxicity, high flammability

89

Difficult

What danger is associated with the combustion of HFO or HFC refrigerants?


Nitrous oxide is produced
Citric acid is produced
Hydrogen fluoride is produced
Phosgene is produced

90

Medium

What is the greenhouse effect, also known as the greenhouse phenomenon?


This is the formation of a layer that traps only the heat generated by the combustion of fuel in aeroplanes.
The filtering out of solar radiation.
It is the phenomenon of heat being trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere (making it difficult for heat to radiate out of the Earth’s atmosphere).
The absorption of radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.

91

Difficult

What is the approximate displacement volume required for a compressor running on R600a compared to one running on R134a to achieve the same cooling capacity?


Twice
The same
Half
Seven times

92

Difficult

What is the GWP value for R32?


3
675
7
0

93

Difficult

Why is the accuracy of the charge weight more important for systems critically charged with R290 compared to those using HFCs


Because these systems never have liquid receivers
The charge mass is significantly lower than in an HFC system, as the density is much lower
Because R290 is only used in systems with a charge of less than 150g
Due to lower operating pressures

94

Difficult

Why does the condenser fan run continuously in some systems using R1270?


To prevent the build-up of contaminants in the condenser
To ensure that the discharge pressure never becomes excessive
To reduce energy consumption
To dilute the refrigerant in the event of a leak

95

Medium

Which EU regulation is currently the primary piece of legislation governing the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) in the European Union?


Regulation (EU) 2015/1188
Regulation (EU) 2024/573
Regulation (EU) No 517/2014
Directive 2009/125/EC

96

Medium

What is the main objective of Regulation (EU) 2024/573?


Prevention of F-gas emissions and the achievement of the EU’s climate targets
To reduce taxes on refrigeration equipment
Standardising metal recycling standards
To facilitate the import of electrical appliances

97

Medium

What are the obligations of manufacturers of refrigeration appliances in the context of ecodesign, and which regulation governs them?


The manufacturer must ensure minimum energy efficiency, reparability and recyclability of equipment, as regulated by Regulation (EU) 2019/2019
Manufacturers are only required to declare the quantity of F-gas used, in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 517/2014
Manufacturers are only required to use energy labels, and this is regulated by Regulation (EU) 2024/573
Manufacturers must comply solely with ISO 9001 standards, without any link to EU regulations

98

Medium

What is the main objective of the Ecodesign Directive?


To increase sales of electrical appliances in the EU
To standardise the appearance of products in the EU
Reducing the negative environmental impact of products by improving energy efficiency, durability and recyclability
To facilitate the import of products from outside the EU

99

Medium

What is the function of a ball valve in a refrigeration system?


It measures the moisture content of the refrigerant
It regulates the temperature of the refrigerant
It prevents excessive pressure build-up in the system
Enables the refrigerant flow to be completely shut off

100

Easy

What is the main function of a relief valve?


Prevents the evaporator from freezing
Relieves pressure in the system in the event of excessive pressure
It controls the oil level in the compressor
It monitors the moisture content of the refrigerant

101

Medium

How do certain substances or gases contribute to the greenhouse effect?


Certain substances trap the thermal radiation that the Earth should radiate into the atmosphere. In this way, the Earth gradually warms up and the greenhouse effect occurs.
Certain substances limit the impact of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation on the Earth’s surface.
Some substances damage the ozone layer
When released into the atmosphere, certain substances cause the air to heat up as a result of reactions with the oxygen and nitrogen contained in the air.

102

Medium

What is the purpose of the sight glass in a refrigeration system?


To shut off the flow in the event of an emergency
To regulate compressor pressure
For visual assessment of the presence of refrigerant and oil, and for monitoring moisture levels
To measure the condenser temperature

103

Medium

What is the function of the temperature regulator in a refrigeration system?


It restricts oil flow
It drains excess refrigerant into the receiver
Controls the operation of the compressor and valves to maintain the set temperature
To maintain a constant pressure in the compressor

104

Difficult

What is the role of the liquid separator in systems using flammable or toxic refrigerants?


Heats the refrigerant before it enters the evaporator
It prevents liquid from entering the compressor
It separates the liquid from the oil
They are used solely to measure the moisture content of the refrigerant

105

Difficult

What is the function of an oil separator in systems using flammable or toxic refrigerants?


Heats the refrigerant before it enters the evaporator
It prevents liquid from entering the compressor
Separates oil from the refrigerant and facilitates the return of oil to the compressor
They are used solely to measure the moisture content of the refrigerant

106

Medium

What is the purpose of oil level regulators in a refrigeration system?


They control the evaporator temperature
Maintains the correct oil level in the compressor
They drain off excess refrigerant
They control the pressure in the condenser

107

Medium

What is the function of the refrigerant receiver in the system?


It maintains a constant pressure in the system
Regulates the oil flow
Stores excess refrigerant and facilitates the detection of leaks
It controls the evaporator temperature

108

Medium

What is the role of the manifold thermometer in the refrigeration system?


Controls the oil level
Measures the refrigerant temperature at the compressor inlet and outlet, which helps to identify leaks
It monitors the moisture content of the refrigerant
Relieves pressure in the system in the event of excessive pressure

109

Medium

What is the role of the defrost control valves?


Protect the evaporator from excessive icing and reduce the risk of leaks
They drain off excess oil
They control the pressure in the compressor
They are used to monitor the moisture content of the refrigerant

110

Difficult

Why do CO₂ refrigeration systems require special attention when separating liquid and oil?


CO₂ operates at high pressure, which increases the risk of compressor failure and leaks
CO₂ is flammable, so separators cannot be used
CO₂ cannot be used in systems with sight glasses
CO₂ does not require lubrication, so separators are unnecessary

111

Difficult

What is the critical pressure of CO₂ (R744)?


Approximately 31 bar
Approximately 10 bar
Approximately 120 bar
Approximately 74 bar

112

Easy

What is the base unit of pressure according to the International System of Units (SI)?


Atm.
Pa
Psi
bar

113

Medium

Where can I find lists detailing fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases)?


In the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
In Regulation (EU) No 2024/573 of the European Parliament and of the Council
In the Act on Ozone-Depleting Substances and Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases.
In the Regulation of the Minister for the Economy on the introduction of a list of fluorinated greenhouse gases.

114

Difficult

What characterises the transcritical process in CO₂ systems?


It occurs only at low temperatures
The system operates above the critical point and the refrigerant does not condense in the conventional manner
It is irrelevant to the operation of the system
Conventional condensation occurs

115

Difficult

What characterises the subcritical CO₂ process?


The absence of condensation
The conventional condensation process below the critical point
Operation above the critical point
The absence of evaporation

116

Difficult

What is the log(p)-h diagram for CO₂ used for?


To measure temperature
For analysing thermodynamic processes in a refrigeration system
To regulate pressure
To detect leaks

117

Difficult

What can be read from the log(p)-h graph?


Only the temperature
Only the humidity
Pressure, enthalpy, temperature and state of the refrigerant
Only the amount of refrigerant

118

Difficult

What are CO₂ saturation tables used for?


To determine the oil quantity
To regulate the compressor
To measure humidity
To determine the relationship between temperature and pressure at saturation

119

Difficult

What does the CO₂ saturation state mean?


A state of high pressure
Dry ice state
Equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phases
A state in which the refrigerant is only a gas

120

Difficult

When can dry ice (solid CO₂) form?


At high pressure
During normal operation of the system
In the event of a sudden drop in pressure and temperature below the triple point
At high temperature

121

Difficult

What risks are associated with the formation of dry ice in a CO₂ system?


No risk
Improved efficiency
Pressure reduction
Blocked pipes and system damage

122

Difficult

How does the CO₂ pressure change as the temperature rises?


Rises sharply
It first decreases, then increases
It remains the same
It decreases

123

Difficult

Why is understanding the log(p)-h graph particularly important for CO₂?


It doesn’t matter
It only applies to NH₃
It is only used for design purposes
As CO₂ systems operate in different modes (sub- and transcritical) and require detailed analysis

124

Medium

Where can I find the lists specifying controlled substances?


In Regulation (EU) No 2024/590 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
In the Regulation of the Minister for the Environment on the list of controlled substances.
In the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
In the current Act on Ozone-Depleting Substances and Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases.

125

Difficult

What happens to CO₂ above the critical point?


It transitions to a supercritical state (no distinction between liquid and gas)
It turns into a solid
It turns into a liquid
It ceases to conduct heat

126

Difficult

Why do CO₂ systems require precise pressure control?


Due to low pressures
Because there are no valves
Due to significant pressure changes with temperature fluctuations
They do not require control

127

Medium

Why is ammonia (NH₃) considered a toxic refrigerant?


It is colourless and odourless, so it is difficult to detect
It is highly irritating to the respiratory tract and toxic if inhaled
It is flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air
It does not react with water, which makes it difficult to neutralise

128

Difficult

What is the main difference between a dry evaporator and a flooded evaporator?


A dry evaporator is filled with refrigerant liquid, whilst a flooded evaporator is filled with gas
A dry evaporator has a lower operating pressure than a flooded one
A dry evaporator allows the entire refrigerant to evaporate in the pipe upstream of the compressor; in a flooded evaporator, part of the refrigerant remains in a liquid state within the evaporator
A dry evaporator does not require an expansion valve, whereas a flooded one does

129

Difficult

What is the typical pressure in deep-freezing systems (below −40 °C) for an evaporator in a system using R717?


Negative pressure (vacuum), below 0 bar
A pressure varying between 10 and 20 bar
Atmospheric pressure, approximately 1 bar
Positive pressure, in the range of 5–10 bar

130

Difficult

Why are PFAS substances formed as a result of the decomposition of certain F-gases problematic?


They cause rapid cooling of the atmosphere
They are readily biodegradable, so they only pollute the environment for a short time
They are climate-neutral
They are persistent, accumulate in the environment and may be toxic

131

Difficult

What is the basic requirement when charging a system with R717 (NH₃)?


Charging must only take place at temperatures below 0°C
NH₃ can be charged together with air
Charging should take place in a well-ventilated area using appropriate personal protective equipment
Charging can be carried out without personal protective equipment

132

Difficult

How should oil be handled in systems using R717?


The oil should be checked regularly and any excess removed from the lower parts of the units to prevent reduced heat transfer and leaks
Oil has no effect on the system’s operation
The oil does not require any monitoring
Oil can be mixed with any refrigerant

133

Difficult

What is the correct procedure for recovering R717 from a system?


The refrigerant must be recovered into suitable, leak-proof tanks designed for NH₃
The gas can be released into the atmosphere
The refrigerant can be drained into the sewer system
Recovery is not required

134

Difficult

How should R717 (NH₃) be stored?


In any open containers
In unmarked plastic containers
In sealed, labelled containers, in a cool and well-ventilated place
Near heat sources

135

Medium

Where and by when should annual reports on ODS and F-gases be submitted?


Reports for the previous year must be submitted by 31 January electronically by completing the special forms available in the central register of operators ‘CRO’.
Reports for the previous year must be submitted by 31 March of the relevant year electronically to the Ministry of the Environment.
Reports must be submitted by the end of the relevant calendar year, using a special form at the regional branch of the Office of Technical Inspection (UDT)
Reports on ODS and F-gases for the previous year must be submitted by 28 February of the following year, via the IT system available in the reports database at the Office for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Climate (BOWOiK) on the ICHP website.

136

Difficult

What should be done in the event of R717 contamination?


The refrigerant must be purified or sent for disposal in accordance with regulations
Release into the atmosphere
Add water to dilute it
Continue to use without restriction

137

Difficult

What is the main hazard associated with an R717 leak during maintenance work?


Damage to electrical equipment only
No risk whatsoever
Increased cooling efficiency
Toxic to humans and may cause chemical burns

138

Difficult

What action should be taken if an NH₃ leak is detected?


Evacuate personnel immediately and remove the source of the leak, if it is safe to do so
Increase the pressure in the system
Ignore it and carry on working
Close your eyes and carry on working

139

Difficult

What role do scrubbers play in NH₃ systems?


They increase the pressure in the system
They are used to measure temperature
Neutralises ammonia through absorption in a liquid (e.g. water)
They store the refrigerant

140

Difficult

How should the system be prepared before filling with R717?


The pressure must be increased above the standard level
There is no need to check it
Check for leaks, remove air and moisture, and create a vacuum
Simply start it up

141

Difficult

What are the transport requirements for R717?


Transport is not subject to regulations
Must be transported in suitable, labelled containers in accordance with ADR regulations
It can be transported without labelling
It can be transported in open containers

142

Difficult

What personal protective equipment is required when working with NH₃?


Safety goggles, gloves and respiratory protective equipment
Only a safety helmet
No requirements
Workwear only

143

Medium

Which measure has the greatest impact on improving the compressor’s energy efficiency during installation?


Installation without filters
Installation without a leak test
Correctly create a vacuum and remove moisture from the system
Increasing the amount of refrigerant

144

Medium

How does regular monitoring of the oil level affect the compressor’s operation?


Causes a rise in pressure
Ensures proper lubrication and improves energy efficiency
It reduces cooling capacity
It has no effect

145

Medium

How do system leaks affect the compressor’s energy efficiency?


They improve efficiency
These cause a drop in performance and an increase in energy consumption
Have no effect
They lower the operating temperature

146

Medium

Regulation (EC) No 2024/590 relates to:


Alternative refrigerants serving as substitutes for fluorinated greenhouse gases.
Ozone-depleting substances.
Health and safety at work during the recovery of refrigerants.
The conditions for obtaining F-gas certificates by companies carrying out the recovery and reclamation of waste refrigerants.

147

Medium

What is the significance of regulating suction and discharge pressure?


Increases oil consumption
It has no effect on efficiency
Helps maintain optimal operating conditions for the compressor
Causes leaks

148

Medium

What maintenance measure reduces the compressor’s energy consumption?


Lack of servicing
Regular replacement of filters and dryers
Increasing the refrigerant charge
Disabling safety devices

149

Medium

How does the presence of air in the refrigeration system affect performance?


It improves efficiency
Leads to increased pressure and reduced efficiency
Reduces energy consumption
It has no effect

150

Medium

What role do control systems (e.g. regulators) play in compressor efficiency?


It increases the amount of refrigerant
Causes leaks
It doesn’t matter
Enables optimisation of operation and a reduction in energy consumption

151

Medium

How does refrigerant superheat at the compressor suction affect performance?


It has no effect
It only causes a drop in temperature
It always improves performance
Excessive overheating reduces efficiency and increases energy consumption

152

Medium

How does the correct layout of the system affect efficiency?


It increases the pressure
Shortens flow paths and reduces energy losses
It causes the temperature to rise
It doesn’t matter

153

Medium

How important is pipe insulation?


It has no effect
Reduces heat loss and improves energy efficiency
It increases energy consumption
Causes a rise in pressure

154

Medium

Which measure most improves the condenser’s energy efficiency?


Regular cleaning of heat exchange surfaces
Restricted airflow
Contamination of the heat exchange surface
Increasing the amount of refrigerant

155

Medium

How does a dirty condenser affect the operation of the refrigeration system?


It improves efficiency
It lowers the condensing pressure
Causes an increase in pressure and energy consumption by the compressor
It has no effect

156

Medium

Why is adequate airflow through an air-cooled condenser important?


It doesn’t matter
Ensures effective heat dissipation and improves energy efficiency
Insufficient airflow reduces efficiency
Causes a drop in pressure

157

Medium

Which refrigerants cause damage to the ozone layer?


All refrigerants that are hydrocarbon derivatives.
All refrigerants that contain fluorine and hydrogen in their molecules.
All refrigerants that contain chlorine or bromine in their molecules.
All refrigerants that contain carbon in their molecular structure.

158

Medium

How does the presence of limescale in a water-cooled condenser affect performance?


Impairs heat exchange and increases energy consumption
It improves heat transfer
It lowers the condensation temperature
It has no effect

159

Medium

How does correct condensation pressure control affect efficiency?


Causes leaks
It increases energy consumption
Maintains optimum operating conditions and reduces energy consumption
It has no effect

160

Medium

How do condenser leaks affect energy efficiency?


They improve efficiency
They lower the temperature
Have no effect
Causes refrigerant loss and a drop in efficiency

161

Medium

How important is the correct positioning of an air-cooled condenser?


It doesn’t matter
It should be installed in a well-ventilated area with unobstructed airflow
It should be close to heat sources
It should be housed in a small room

162

Medium

How does hot air recirculation affect the condenser?


Impairs cooling and increases energy consumption
It reduces the pressure
It has no effect
It improves efficiency

163

Medium

How does the insulation of central heating and domestic hot water pipework affect the operation of the heat pump’s condenser?


It doesn’t matter
It impairs cooling
Reduces energy losses and improves the efficiency of the entire system
It increases the pressure

164

Medium

Which measure most improves the energy efficiency of the evaporator?


Increasing the amount of refrigerant
Regular defrosting of the evaporator
Increasing the condensation temperature
Restricted airflow

165

Medium

How does evaporator icing affect the system’s operation?


It has no effect
It lowers the condensation temperature
Impairs heat exchange and increases energy consumption
It improves cooling performance

166

Medium

How does dirt on the evaporator surface affect its performance?


It improves efficiency
It has no effect
It reduces the pressure
Impairs heat exchange and increases energy consumption

167

Medium

What maintenance task is crucial for the evaporator?


Lack of maintenance
Increasing the refrigerant charge
Reduced airflow
Regular cleaning and defrosting

168

Medium

What does an F-gas personal certificate (Category A2) authorise?


To recover refrigerant from equipment containing less than 3 kg of fluorinated greenhouse gases, or less than 6 kg in the case of hermetically sealed systems.
to make permanent joints by brazing in systems containing fluorinated greenhouse gases.
for the purchase of lubricants and refrigeration oils, and for the testing of safety valves.
to repair, maintain or service refrigeration equipment and systems containing controlled substances.

169

Medium

How does superheating of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet affect efficiency?


It always improves performance
Excessive superheat reduces energy efficiency
It only causes a drop in temperature
It has no effect

170

Medium

How do leaks in the evaporator affect efficiency?


These cause refrigerant loss and a drop in efficiency
Increase capacity
Have no effect
Improves performance

171

Medium

How important is correct expansion valve adjustment?


Causes leaks
It doesn’t matter
It increases energy consumption
Ensures optimal evaporator charge and improves efficiency

172

Medium

How does inadequate insulation of the heat transfer circuit pipes affect evaporator performance?


Causes cooling losses and increased energy consumption
It has no effect
It lowers the condensation temperature
It improves efficiency

173

Medium

How does correct TEV valve adjustment affect the system’s energy efficiency?


Ensures optimum superheat and improves system efficiency
It increases energy consumption
It has no effect
Causes leaks

174

Medium

What happens if the superheat set by the TEV is too high?


It has no effect
Efficiency will drop because the evaporator is not being fully utilised
Cooling efficiency will improve
The refrigerant charge will increase

175

Medium

How does a low superheat setting on the TEV affect performance?


It reduces refrigerant flow
It may lead to improved efficiency, but it increases the risk of the compressor becoming flooded with liquid
It increases operational safety
It has no effect

176

Medium

How do contaminants in the system affect the operation of the TEV?


They can cause it to become blocked and reduce efficiency
Have no effect
They lower the temperature
They improve its performance

177

Medium

What role does the filter-drier play in terms of system efficiency?


Removes moisture and contaminants, improving the system’s efficiency
It increases the amount of refrigerant
It lowers the temperature
It doesn’t matter

178

Medium

How does proper insulation of components (e.g. pipes near the TEV) affect the system?


It causes leaks
Prevents unwanted heat gains and improves efficiency
It doesn’t matter
It increases energy consumption

179

Medium

What does Regulation (EU) No 2024/573 of the European Parliament and of the Council cover?


The Regulation concerns leak testing of stationary refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump equipment containing fluorinated greenhouse gases. The Regulation sets out the requirements relating to leak testing of such equipment.
The Regulation sets out requirements relating to brazing of refrigeration systems.
The Regulation sets out health and safety requirements for soldering work.
The Regulation concerns gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect.

180

Medium

How important is it to check the operation of the condensing pressure control valve in the system?


It causes a significant rise in temperature
It increases energy consumption
Ensures operation within the optimum pressure range and reduces energy losses
It has no effect

181

Medium

How does the correct selection of a TEV affect energy efficiency?


It doesn’t matter
It increases the amount of refrigerant
It lowers the temperature
Ensures the system is matched to its capacity and operates optimally

182

Medium

What is the main design difference in hydrocarbon-based refrigeration systems?


Lower energy efficiency
Higher operating pressures
No need for safety measures
The need for explosion-proof measures due to the flammability of the refrigerant

183

Medium

What differences are there in the compressors used in hydrocarbon systems?


They must operate at higher pressures
They must be designed to operate with flammable refrigerants (e.g. hermetic compressors)
No differences
They do not require lubrication

184

Difficult

What is the main characteristic of R744 (CO₂) refrigeration systems?


No need for regulation
Low energy efficiency
Very high operating pressures
Low operating pressures

185

Difficult

What are the requirements for piping materials in CO₂ systems?


They may be made of any material
It does not matter
They must be able to withstand high pressures (e.g. high-grade steel)
They must be made exclusively from plastics

186

Difficult

How does a booster system work in CO₂ installations?


It is used to store the refrigerant
It utilises two stages of compression (low and medium pressure) in a single system
It reduces the amount of refrigerant
It reduces the pressure in the evaporator

187

Difficult

What is the function of high-pressure control valves in CO₂ systems?


They lower the evaporator temperature
They control the pressure on the high-pressure side and optimise system operation
They are used to store the refrigerant
They regulate oil flow

188

Difficult

Why is pressure optimisation in CO₂ systems crucial?


It reduces the ambient temperature
It reduces the amount of refrigerant
It enables the system to achieve maximum energy efficiency
It doesn’t matter

189

Difficult

What role do parallel-operating compressors play in CO₂ systems?


They increase energy consumption
They lower the ambient temperature
It does not matter
They enable gas recovery from the medium-pressure stage and improve efficiency

190

Medium

How can one check whether the system has been overcharged with refrigerant?


The refrigeration system is overcharged with refrigerant whilst in operation, and even under a very small heat load, frost forms on the suction side of the compressor
Under normal conditions, there is a marked increase in condensing pressure because an excessive amount of refrigerant accumulates in the condenser, reducing the heat exchange surface area within it.
This cannot be checked with sufficient reliability, as the sight glass is not designed for this purpose.
The compressor will operate under a lower load and the suction pressure will decrease

191

Difficult

How does an ejector work in a CO₂ system?


Stores the refrigerant
It uses the energy of the higher-pressure refrigerant to raise the pressure of the refrigerant from the lower stage, which improves efficiency
It increases the amount of refrigerant
It lowers the evaporator temperature

192

Difficult

What is the function of liquid ejectors in CO₂ systems?


They reduce atmospheric pressure
They raise the refrigerant temperature
They assist with liquid recovery and improve evaporator feed
They increase the amount of oil

193

Difficult

What are the characteristics of partially flooded systems in CO₂ systems?


Lack of regulation
Low operating pressure
The absence of liquid in the evaporator
The presence of liquid in the evaporator, which improves heat transfer and efficiency

194

Difficult

What is the main risk associated with static pressure in CO₂ systems?


A decrease in refrigerant quantity
Increased efficiency
A drop in temperature
A rise in pressure resulting from the refrigerant heating up whilst at rest

195

Difficult

How can standstill pressure in CO₂ systems be reduced?


By using parallel compressors and external cooling systems
By shutting down the system completely
By increasing the temperature
By increasing the refrigerant charge

196

Difficult

What does ‘stagnation’ of a refrigeration system mean in the context of CO₂?


Normal system operation
Improved efficiency
A lack of refrigerant flow, which can lead to increased pressure and safety risks
A drop in temperature

197

Difficult

Why do CO₂ systems require more advanced automation than traditional systems?


They do not require automation
Due to the need for precise control of pressure and temperature
Because there are no valves
Due to low pressures

198

Difficult

What must be included on the label of a cylinder containing a flammable refrigerant?


The name of the refrigerant, the hazard symbol and basic safety information
Information about the cylinder owner
Agent name only
Net weight only

199

Difficult

Why does the absence of a ‘flammable agent’ label on the system pose a significant hazard?


It has no significant impact on safety
It may lead to the use of tools that are a source of ignition
It reduces the system’s efficiency
It may lead to the incorrect selection of oil

200

Difficult

Which set of information on the label of a flammable agent cylinder is crucial from a safety perspective?


Manufacturer’s name and country of origin
Cylinder colour and date of manufacture
Gross weight and batch number
Name of the substance, hazard pictogram, UN number

201

Medium

Before charging the refrigeration unit with refrigerant, it is essential to…


carry out a leak test.
check the compressor’s suction and discharge connections.
complete the unit’s data sheet.
carry out a start-up test.

202

Difficult

What is the requirement regarding the labelling of an installation containing a flammable substance?


Labelling is required only in technical rooms
Colour-coding of pipes is sufficient
Labelling is not required for hermetically sealed systems
The labelling must indicate the type of substance and the flammability hazard

203

Difficult

What are the potential consequences of using unsuitable connections in a system containing a flammable substance?


Merely installation difficulties
Merely a reduction in efficiency
No impact on safety
Risk of leakage and the formation of an explosive mixture

204

Difficult

What is the purpose of installing gas detectors in a room with a refrigeration system?


Measuring the refrigerant temperature
Monitoring pipe pressure
Regulating compressor capacity
Early detection of refrigerant leaks and prevention of health risks

205

Difficult

How often should gas detection sensors in the service room be checked?


Only after a leak has occurred
Once every 5 years
Before each start-up of the unit
In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and applicable health and safety regulations

206

Difficult

Where should a gas detector be positioned in accordance with EN 378?


On the ceiling if the gas is lighter or heavier than air; near the floor if it is lighter or heavier
Anywhere in the room
Only at the entrance to the room
Near the control panel

207

Difficult

How should an employee respond when a gas alarm is triggered?


Reduce the pressure in the system
Switch off the system and wait for the alarm to stop
Leave the room immediately and notify their supervisor
Carry on working until they see a leak

208

Difficult

What safety checks should be carried out when installing a new refrigeration system?


Is the air filter new?
The colour of pipes and hoses
Only the compressor power
The presence of health and safety signage, adequate ventilation and gas detectors

209

Difficult

Gas detectors should be installed in rooms where:


The amount of refrigerant exceeds a specified permissible threshold
The room is less than 5 m²
Ventilation is natural
Any refrigerant is present, regardless of the quantity

210

Difficult

What is the minimum number of emergency exits in a plant room (refrigeration plant room) and how should they be signposted?


At least two exits, but signage is optional
Exits do not need to be signposted if the room is small
One exit, clearly marked in the direction of escape
One exit with an information sign about the refrigerant

211

Difficult

Which measure, when installing a system using a flammable refrigerant, improves its energy efficiency?


No leak test
Thorough leak testing and vacuuming
Increasing the refrigerant charge
Restriction of ventilation

212

Medium

What information must appear on the unit’s label?


It does not matter what should be included on the device label.
The manufacturer’s logo and the weight of the unit.
Markings regarding the weight and capacity of the pipework, together with the colour code and chemical composition of the paints used to coat the frame and casing.
Among other things: information stating that the unit contains a fluorinated greenhouse gas, together with the industrial designation of the gas or its chemical name, the mass of the gas and its CO₂ equivalent

213

Difficult

How do leaks affect systems using flammable refrigerants?


They improve efficiency
They cause refrigerant loss, reduced efficiency and a fire hazard
They lower the temperature
Have no effect

214

Difficult

Why is it important to limit the amount of refrigerant in HC systems?


It has no effect
It reduces the risk of explosion and improves the system’s operational safety
It lowers the temperature
It increases efficiency

215

Difficult

Why is the cleanliness of heat exchangers in HC systems important?


It doesn’t matter
It increases the pressure
It improves heat transfer and reduces energy consumption
Causes leaks

216

Difficult

What maintenance measures improve the efficiency of a system using a flammable refrigerant?


Lack of servicing
Disabling safety devices
Increasing the refrigerant charge
Regular checks for leaks and operating parameters

217

Difficult

How does the correct selection of components affect a system using a flammable refrigerant?


It doesn’t matter
It increases the amount of refrigerant
It lowers the temperature
It ensures safe and optimal operation and minimises energy losses

218

Difficult

Why is it important to use the correct service tools in HC systems?


It doesn’t matter
It increases energy consumption
It ensures operational safety and reduces refrigerant losses
Causes leaks

219

Difficult

How does pipe insulation affect the efficiency of systems containing HC?


It doesn’t matter
Causes leaks
It increases the pressure
It reduces energy losses and improves efficiency

220

Difficult

Which safety class applies to R744?


A1
A2
B2L
A3

221

Difficult

In an R744 system operating in supercritical mode, the refrigerant entering the evaporator expansion valve is...


A supercritical fluid
A two-phase mixture at intermediate pressure
A subcooled liquid
Saturated vapour at intermediate pressure

222

Difficult

In R744 supercritical systems, the gas cooler outlet valve controls:


The outlet temperature of the gas cooler
The gas cooler fans
The pressure in the gas cooler
The inlet temperature to the gas cooler

223

Medium

What is the base unit of temperature according to the International System of Units (Système International d’Unités)?


°R
K
°C
°F

224

Medium

Which of the following are the most important pieces of information that should be included in the unit’s data sheet:


Information regarding refrigerant recovery and unit dismantling.
The make and model of the unit, so that the manufacturer can be contacted to obtain the technical information necessary for servicing.
The owner, installer and service technician of the unit.
Operator details, unit details, type and quantity of refrigerant, information regarding servicing and repairs.

225

Difficult

Which statement best describes the behaviour of R717 and mineral compressor oil?


In an R717 system, a return oil line cannot be used because the oil is too hot
R717 does not mix with compressor oil, so the oil remains in the system on the high-pressure side as a layer above the R717
R717 does not mix with compressor oil, so the oil remains in the system on the low-pressure side as a layer beneath the R717
R717 mixes very well with compressor oil and easily returns to the compressor

226

Difficult

What is the main reason for using K65 copper tubing in some R744 systems?


They come in a wider range of diameters
They bend easily
They can withstand higher pressures
They have good low-temperature performance

227

Difficult

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the installation of Schrader valves?


All Schrader valve cores are suitable for all refrigerants
Hydrocarbons leak through Schrader valves
Schrader valves must not be used in R744 systems
When brazing the valve body to the system, the core must be removed, then refitted and tightened to the correct torque

228

Difficult

Which refrigerant can be detected using phenolphthalein paper?


R1270
R744
R1234ze
R717

229

Difficult

How does a refrigerant shortage affect the high-pressure side of the system (without discharge pressure regulation)?


Discharge pressure will be lower, subcooling will be higher
Discharge pressure will be higher, and the degree of subcooling will be lower
The discharge pressure will be lower, and the subcooling will be lower
Discharge pressure will be higher, and the degree of subcooling will be higher

230

Difficult

What is the benefit of using helium as a tracer gas in nitrogen during a pressure test?


It is non-flammable
It has a distinct odour
It has a higher pressure than pure nitrogen
It has smaller molecules and diffuses more easily

231

Difficult

Why should an R744 system that has been drained be initially charged with the refrigerant in gaseous form?


To prevent the drain valve from opening
To ensure that R744 is charged slowly
To prevent the formation of dry ice
To prevent damage to the compressor

232

Difficult

If an R744 system contains moisture because it has not been properly drained, what is the likely consequence?


The formation of hydrogen fluoride, which will decompose into hydrofluoric acid and damage the compressor
Reduced cooling capacity
The formation of carbonic acid, which will cause damage to the system
Excessively high discharge pressure

233

Difficult

Which system may require manual oil recovery?


R744 cascade system
Secondary system using R744
Supercritical ‘booster’ system using R744
An R717 system

234

Difficult

The pressure of R744 at a saturation temperature of 20 °C is approx.


56 bar g
90 bar g
25 bar g
14 bar g

235

Medium

Who is responsible for drawing up the equipment or installation record?


The operator of the unit or system.
The equipment maintenance technician.
There is no such obligation.
The person responsible for risk assessment.

236

Difficult

Which refrigerant is lighter than air?


R717
R744
R1234ze
R1270

237

Difficult

What hazards are associated with a Class A3 safety agent?


High toxicity, does not propagate flames
High flammability, lower toxicity
Lower toxicity, does not propagate flames
Slightly flammable, lower toxicity

238

Difficult

18 What is the GWP of R32 (according to AR4)?


675
0
6
3945

239

Difficult

What factors are taken into account when determining the maximum charge for comfort air-conditioning/heating applications?


Lower flammability limit, height of the indoor unit, floor area
Lower flammability limit, room volume
Practical limit, height of the indoor unit, floor area
Practical limit, room volume

240

Difficult

What compressor displacement is required for R1270, relative to R404A compressors for the medium-temperature range (cold store)?


50%
Similar
600%
150%

241

Difficult

At an ambient temperature of 25°C, the standby pressure in the low-pressure stage of an R744 cascade system will typically be…


Higher than the maximum permissible pressure in the low-pressure stage
The same as the pressure set on the relief valve
27.5 bar g
The same as the high-pressure setting on the pressure switch

242

Difficult

What is the correct definition of critical temperature?


The temperature at which a substance changes from a gaseous to a solid state
The temperature at which, for certain substances, electrical resistance is zero
The temperature above which there are no distinct liquid and gaseous phases
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the ambient pressure surrounding the liquid

243

Difficult

In a supercritical system, under supercritical conditions, the working fluid in the gas cooler


loses heat at constant temperature and pressure
loses heat during a phase change
it loses heat as its temperature drops
it loses heat when its pressure drops

244

Difficult

R717 is highly corrosive to


stainless steel
copper
aluminium
titanium

245

Difficult

What is the effect of repeatedly opening the relief valve?


The relief pressure drops
The valve remains fully open continuously
The valve will not open
The relief pressure rises

246

Medium

Oil traps on the suction pipework are required:


always before any rise in the pipeline.
before the compressor.
before the safety valve.
at the inlet to each component of the refrigeration system.

247

Difficult

What is the relationship between the pressure (P) and temperature (T) of nitrogen at the start (1) and end (2) of the leak test?


P2 = T1/(P1 × T2)
P2 = (P1 × T2)/T1
P2 = T2/(P1 × T1)
P2 = (P1 × T1)/T2

248

Difficult

What is the recommended alarm level for fixed leak detection systems for R717?


50,000 ppm
5,000 ppm
500 ppm
500,000 ppm

249

Difficult

Why are compressors with a separate electric motor most commonly used in R717 (NH₃) refrigeration systems?


Because NH₃ reacts with the motor windings and hermetic compressors are not used
To reduce the condensing pressure
Because compressors with a separate motor are cheaper
To increase the amount of refrigerant in the system

250

Difficult

Which type of compressor is most commonly used in large ammonia systems?


A reciprocating or screw compressor
Rotary vane compressor
Diaphragm compressor
Hermetic scroll

251

Difficult

How is the capacity of a piston compressor regulated in NH₃ systems?


By reducing the refrigerant charge
By unloading the cylinders or changing the rotational speed
Solely by adjusting the oil volume
By increasing the condensing pressure

252

Difficult

How is the capacity of a screw compressor most commonly controlled?


By changing the type of oil
By adjusting the oil level
By using a slide valve
By closing the suction valve

253

Difficult

When is two-stage compression used in NH₃ systems?


At very low vapour pressures and high pressure differentials
Exclusively in small systems
Only with water-cooled condensers
At small temperature differences

254

Difficult

What is the advantage of two-stage compression over single-stage compression?


Higher energy consumption
Lower efficiency
No need for a separator
Higher efficiency and lower discharge temperature

255

Difficult

How does an evaporative condenser used in NH₃ systems work?


It does not require a water supply
It transfers heat only to the air
It utilises the evaporation of water to increase cooling efficiency
Operates without a fan

256

Difficult

What is the function of the liquid separator in an NH₃ system?


It separates oil from the refrigerant
Regulates the condensing pressure
It prevents liquid from entering the compressor
Increases the discharge temperature

257

Medium

When is there a refrigerant leak, even though the compressor is still running?


When the suction pressure is low, superheat is high, subcooling is negligible and the temperature difference between the condenser and the expansion valve is small.
When we observe a rise in the refrigerant level in the liquid receiver and the subcooling increases.
When the condensing pressure and suction pressure rise, but there is no superheat.
When the sight glass is full of liquid refrigerant and we observe a rise in the oil level in the compressor sump.

258

Difficult

What is the purpose of monitoring the liquid level in the separator?


To control the condenser fan
To reduce the condensing temperature
To increase the oil volume
To maintain the correct refrigerant level and prevent the compressor from flooding

259

Difficult

What is the role of the float switch in NH₃ systems?


It controls the fan’s operation
It monitors the liquid level in the tank or separator
It is used to detect leaks
It regulates the condensation temperature

260

Difficult

What is a thermosiphon in NH₃ systems?


An oil circulation system utilising differences in pressure and temperature
A defrosting device
A type of safety valve
A type of evaporator

261

Difficult

Why are oils that are immiscible with the refrigerant used in NH₃ systems?


Because the oil mixes only with water
Because NH₃ does not mix with most compressor oils
To reduce the pressure
To increase the amount of refrigerant

262

Difficult

What is the main function of an oil separator in NH₃ systems?


Removing moisture from the system
To separate the oil from the refrigerant and return the oil to the compressor
To lower the condensation temperature
To increase fan efficiency

263

Difficult

Which NH₃ system features direct evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator?


Direct expansion (DX) system
Indirect system
Thermosiphon system
Glycol system

264

Difficult

What is the characteristic feature of a flooded evaporator system?


The evaporator is filled exclusively with vapour
The evaporator contains a large amount of liquid, which improves heat transfer
No level control is required
No separator is used

265

Difficult

What is the main difference between a direct and an indirect system?


In a direct system, there is no evaporator
In an indirect system, no compressor is used
In an indirect system, NH₃ cools an intermediate medium (e.g. glycol), which in turn cools the load
In an indirect system, NH₃ flows directly into the space being cooled

266

Medium

Which components of a refrigeration system can be classified as potential leak points (leaks) subject to regular leak tests?


Fittings, valves including their stems, seals – including those in replaceable filters and dryers, components exposed to vibration, and connections to measuring, control and safety devices.
Parts of the system located on the high-pressure side (from the compressor up to and including the expansion valve).
All parts of the refrigeration unit that are connected to the suction side of the refrigeration system.
Hermetic compressors, liquid refrigerant tanks and liquid separators.

267

Medium

What is the test pressure during the pressure leak test of the unit?


The test pressure is determined by the person carrying out the leak test based on their experience.
The test pressure (maximum) is 30 bar.
The test pressure for leak testing is equivalent to the maximum operating pressure measured during the operation of the refrigeration unit.
According to the PN-EN 378 standard, at least 0.25 times the maximum permissible pressure for the system (PS).

268

Medium

In which part of the refrigeration unit must the recommended leak test be carried out?


The test must be carried out on the compressor shut-off valves, solenoid valves and filters.
The check should only be carried out at the connection points for measuring instruments (pressure switches, pressure gauges, temperature sensors).
The test must be carried out at all points on the refrigeration unit where there is a potential risk of refrigerant leakage.
The check must be carried out on all parts of the refrigeration system that are connected to the discharge side of the refrigeration circuit.

269

Medium

When can a given unit be considered perfectly leak-tight?


A given device can be considered perfectly leak-tight when the pressure drop during the test does not exceed 0.1 bar.
A given unit can be considered perfectly leak-tight if, during a leak test, the pressure remains constant, taking into account pressure changes caused by temperature variations. Any drop in pressure indicates a leak and requires the location of the leak to be identified.
The device in question is perfectly leak-tight when we have carried out a check using a permanently installed electronic detector.
A device can be considered perfectly leak-tight if gas bubbles appear when it is submerged in water.

270

Medium

What does EU Regulation 1516/2007 cover?


The Regulation sets out requirements relating to brazing of refrigeration systems.
The Regulation sets out health and safety requirements for soldering work.
The Regulation addresses the disposal of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect.
The Regulation concerns leak testing of stationary refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump equipment containing fluorinated greenhouse gases. The Regulation sets out the requirements for leak testing of such equipment.

271

Difficult

Which parts of refrigeration systems must be inspected on a mandatory and regular basis in accordance with EU Regulation 1516/2007?


Connections on the condenser, as there is high pressure and the refrigerant is in liquid form
Compressor connections, 2. connections on the liquid refrigerant tank
Only compressor connections, as these are subject to vibration.
Fittings, 2. valves, 3. seals, 4. parts/components exposed to vibration, 5. connections at safety devices.

272

Easy

What is superheat?


It is the amount of heat required to increase the pressure.
It is the amount of heat required to heat a liquid.
It is the amount of heat required to cause the vapour formed from a liquid to become superheated.
It is the amount of heat required to turn a liquid into vapour.

273

Difficult

In accordance with EU Regulation 1516/2007, there are several methods of leak testing. What are these methods called?


We distinguish between physical and chemical methods.
We distinguish between quality control methods for supplied materials and electronic testing methods.
We distinguish between methods for quality control of supplied materials and leak testing methods that do not involve quality control of supplied materials.
We distinguish between direct and indirect methods of leak detection.

274

Difficult

In accordance with EU Regulation 1516/2007, to whom can we entrust the responsibilities for leak testing of refrigeration systems?


The test may only be carried out by a competent person with the relevant skills, who holds a certificate attesting to the necessary knowledge in this field. They must also hold a certificate for companies regarding the operation and maintenance of refrigeration equipment charged with F-gases.
The check may be carried out by a specialist in leak testing.
The inspection may be carried out by a person employed and appointed by the owner of the installation.
The check may only be carried out by a person who has previously carried out such a check.

275

Difficult

In accordance with EU Regulation 1516/2007, what conditions must be met in order to carry out a leak test on refrigeration systems using ultraviolet (UV) light?


The manufacturer of the refrigeration equipment must confirm that the aforementioned UV method can be used. A UV leak test may be carried out by a qualified person who holds the relevant qualifications (certificate).
A prerequisite for carrying out a leak test using UV is that such a test is technically feasible.
A prerequisite for carrying out a leak test using UV is having the appropriate technical resources, the relevant materials supplied, and suitable safety goggles.
A prerequisite for carrying out the inspection is holding the relevant authorisation for pressure testing issued by the UDT.

276

Difficult

In accordance with EU Regulation 1516/2007, which leak testing methods are classified as direct leak testing methods?


Leak testing by measuring pressure changes and the method of submerging the device/system in water.
Leak test following the creation of a vacuum and leak detection using a foaming solution.
Detection of leaks using a handheld leak detector and/or a fixed leak detection system; 2. Detection of leaks using a special dye with UV-fluorescent properties; 3. Detection of leaks using a foaming solution.
Leak test using nitrogen with a tracer gas, an electronic detector and pressure measurement.

277

Difficult

In accordance with EU Regulation 1516/2007, which methods are classified as indirect leak testing methods?


This method is based on electronic leak detection.
This method is based on the analysis of the following parameters: pressure, temperature, operating pressure, liquid level, oil leakage, etc.
It utilises pressure and temperature measurements, as well as an ultrasonic method.
Leak detection using a UV tracer.

278

Medium

How should the pressure be increased during a pressure leak test?


We increase the pressure in any way.
We increase the pressure as quickly as possible.
We increase the pressure gradually whilst checking for leaks, until the test pressure is reached, at a rate of no more than 2 bar/min
We increase the pressure at a rate of 10 bar/s.

279

Medium

What electronic equipment should be used to carry out leak testing?


Only with devices fitted with hot cathodes.
Only with devices fitted with an ‘Ion Pump’ sensor.
Only with devices fitted with an infrared detector.
Only using devices with verified measurement sensitivity.

280

Medium

What documentation should be checked before starting a leak test?


Check the stock ledger (accounts).
Check the operating instructions for the machine/equipment.
The maintenance log and the machine/device operating instructions must be checked.
Check the time sheets of the staff responsible for the machinery/equipment.

281

Medium

What information must be recorded when drawing up the leak test report?


The method used to carry out the leak test, the number of faults, the method of repairing the faults, the time taken to work on the installation, and the cost of the repair.
The number of locations where leaks have occurred and the date of the inspection.
The date of the inspection, the number of faults (leaks), the location of the faults (leaks), the proposed method of rectifying the fault/defect (leak), attached documents and a signature.
The date of the inspection, a record of the occurrence of the leak, and a signature.

282

Medium

What pressure values should be used for the pressure leak test?


The pressure value for the leak test is 10–12 bar.
The pressure for the leak test is 2–3 bar.
At the discretion of the person authorised to carry out the pressure test.
Use a pressure not exceeding the maximum permissible pressure for the system (PS).

283

Medium

What is temperature slip?


A specific temperature corresponds to a given vapour pressure.
It involves a decrease in temperature.
It involves an increase in temperature.
A specific temperature cannot be assigned to a given vapour pressure. There is a temperature difference between the start and end of evaporation.

284

Difficult

What does a vacuum leak test involve?


With the vacuum pump switched on, check whether the pressure in the system rises as a result of a leak.
After switching off the vacuum pump, we check whether the pressure in the system rises
With the vacuum pump running continuously, we are able to maintain the required vacuum level in the system.
If the pressure in the refrigeration system were to rise, we switch on the vacuum pump as required.

285

Difficult

How often should leak tests be carried out on equipment containing 1.5 kg of R404A refrigerant (5.9 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent)?


Once every six months.
Only when servicing the unit.
At least once every 12 months.
On initial commissioning.

286

Difficult

How often should leak tests be carried out on equipment containing 7 kg of R404A refrigerant (27.45 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent)?


On initial commissioning.
At least once every 12 months.
Once every six months.
Only when servicing the unit.

287

Medium

In which appliances and systems is the installation of a permanent leak detection system required?


In equipment and installations containing at least 30 kg of fluorinated greenhouse gases.
In equipment and systems containing at least 50 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.
In equipment and systems containing at least 500 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.
In equipment and systems containing at least 5 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.

288

Difficult

In accordance with Regulation (EU) 2024/573 of the European Parliament and of the Council, a fixed leak detection system is required when:


The refrigeration equipment is operated in an enclosed space.
The charge of an F-gas refrigerant in a refrigeration unit is at least 500 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent.
The installation of a fixed leak detection system is optional, but it helps to reduce the number of leak checks required on the equipment each year.
The refrigerant charge of the refrigeration equipment is at least 100 kg of ODS.

289

Difficult

Under Regulation (EC) No 1516/2007 and the F-gas Act, which leak detection methods may not be carried out by a person holding a Category E certificate?


Measuring leaks using a handheld leak detector.
Leak testing using a fluorescent dye.
Visual leak inspection.
Leak detection using a foaming solution.

290

Difficult

According to the current regulation, what sensitivity must a handheld leak detector have?


8 g/year.
10 g/year.
5 g/year.
3 g/year.

291

Medium

Which category of F-gas certificate (A1, A2, B, C, D, E) authorises the performance of leak tests on refrigeration equipment:


All except category D.
Categories D and E.
Only categories A1 and A2.
Category E only.

292

Difficult

Within what timeframe must a leak test be carried out on a stationary refrigeration system after a leak has been repaired, in accordance with EU Regulation 2024/573 on F-gases?


At any time.
Between 24 hours and 1 month after the repair.
At the next periodic inspection.
Immediately after the repair.

293

Difficult

At what intervals should leak tests be carried out on refrigeration equipment containing more than 500 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent of fluorinated greenhouse gases that does not have a leak detection system installed?


Once a month.
Once every 6 months.
Once every 12 months.
Once every 3 months.

294

Medium

Why is it advisable to subcool the liquid refrigerant?


This is advisable because it allows a smaller evaporator to be used (lower refrigerant temperature at the evaporator inlet).
This is advisable because it ensures that the liquid refrigerant, free of vapour bubbles, enters the expansion valve.
This is advisable because it allows a smaller expansion valve to be used (less superheat at the valve).
This is advisable because it allows a smaller condenser to be used (smaller heat exchange surface area).

295

Medium

What should be done following repairs to a leak in the refrigeration unit of a refrigerated trailer?


The unit must be charged with an alternative refrigerant, started up, and the refrigerant parameters checked at the service valve located on the liquid receiver.
You must enter the details into the equipment log (including the quantities of refrigerant recovered and used) and inform the Operator that an additional leak test must be carried out by a certified person within one month of the repair.
A visual inspection should be carried out only on bolted and soldered joints.
An invoice for the service work carried out must be issued as soon as possible.

296

Medium

Recovery of fluorinated greenhouse gases means:


The reuse of fluorinated greenhouse gases following a basic purification process.
The reprocessing of fluorinated greenhouse gases to achieve their specified standard properties.
The collection and storage of fluorinated greenhouse gases originating, for example, from machinery, equipment and containers.
The final decommissioning and withdrawal from service or use of a product or piece of equipment containing fluorinated greenhouse gases.

297

Medium

Who is authorised to recover refrigerant from stationary refrigeration equipment:


A service technician holding an F-gas certificate in the relevant category.
The administrator of the operator’s account.
The operator.
The owner of the installation.

298

Medium

Recovered refrigerants must be stored:


In a specially adapted and labelled cylinder fitted with a two-way valve.
In any used refrigerant cylinder.
In any pressure vessel that has been officially certified.
In a cylinder that previously contained the same type of refrigerant.

299

Medium

When should the recovery of fluorinated greenhouse gases be carried out:


Before each leak test of the equipment.
Before the final disposal of equipment and, where applicable, during its servicing and maintenance.
Always during servicing and maintenance of equipment.
Only prior to the final disposal of equipment.

300

Medium

What should be done if the refrigerant recovered from the system is contaminated, e.g. with acid, air or moisture?


You should attempt to purify the mixture yourself using a dehydrating filter.
Add a special contaminant neutraliser to the mixture.
Purify the mixture by passing it through a particulate filter and reuse it.
Such a mixture must be handed over to a specialist authorised company for regeneration or disposal.

301

Medium

What should be done if different types of refrigerants become mixed in a storage cylinder (container)?


Add a special refrigerant to the mixture.
You should attempt to separate the mixture into its individual components.
The mixture should be purified by passing it through a filter-drain and reused.
Send this mixture to a specialist authorised company to have it neutralised.

302

Medium

How does refrigerant recovery using the Push-Pull method work?


This involves the refrigerant being alternately drawn from the suction side and then from the discharge side of the refrigeration unit (compressor).
This involves using a suction device (compressor) to ensure that the refrigerant, in liquid form, is transferred into the cylinder.
It involves using a recovery unit to draw (pull) the refrigerant vapour from the cylinder and then force it (push) into the low-pressure side of the system.
This involves injecting nitrogen from the cylinder into the unit and expelling the liquid refrigerant from the unit.

303

Medium

What are the methods for managing waste refrigerant?


Disposal, storage.
Regeneration, recovery.
Recycling, regeneration, disposal.
Recovery, disposal.

304

Medium

The most advantageous method of managing waste refrigerant is:


Storage.
Disposal.
Recycling.
Regeneration.

305

Medium

The lower the evaporation temperature, ...


…the greater the density of the refrigerant and the lower the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
...the lower the refrigerant density, and the greater the cooling capacity of the compressor.
...the greater the density of the refrigerant and the mass flow rate of the flowing refrigerant.
...the lower the density of the refrigerant and the lower the mass of the flowing refrigerant.

306

Medium

How should pressure vessels (e.g. refrigerant cylinders) be marked?


They should bear, amongst other things, information such as: the number of the standard applied to their design, construction and testing; the identification marks of the country of approval and the inspection body; the date of the acceptance test; and the manufacturer’s and operational marks.
It is irrelevant how pressure vessels should be marked.
They should bear only markings relating to weight and capacity.
They should bear the manufacturer’s logo and the date of manufacture.

307

Medium

The recovery of refrigerants does not require the use of:


Scales with a measurement range suitable for the size of the cylinder being filled.
A refrigerant recovery station.
Hoses with shut-off valves.
An electronic leak detector.

308

Medium

What functions does the compressor perform in a refrigeration system?


The compressor draws in refrigerant vapour from the evaporator, compresses it, and then forces it into the condenser, raising the pressure to the required condensing pressure.
The compressor condenses the refrigerant.
The compressor creates a vacuum on the suction side of the system
The compressor compresses ambient air and increases the pressure of the refrigerant.

309

Easy

What is the compressor’s compression ratio?


It is the amount of refrigerant that will be compressed in a single compressor cycle relative to the heat capacity.
It is the ratio of the discharge pressure to the effective capacity of the compressor (p/Vk).
It is the ratio of the suction pressure to the discharge pressure of the compressor (po/pk).
It is the ratio of the discharge pressure to the suction pressure of the compressor (pk/po).

310

Medium

What is compressor flooding?


A large amount of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator.
Flooding of the compressor due to rainfall.
Flooding the compression chamber with liquid refrigerant or oil.
Suction of liquid refrigerant into the compressor’s suction line.

311

Medium

To what extent do we regulate the compressor motor’s rotational speed when using a frequency converter?


From approximately 30% to 90% of capacity.
Up to a maximum of 10 per cent.
Regulating the compressor motor speed is not the same as regulating the cooling capacity.
Approximately from 30 to 75 Hz, which corresponds to around 60% to 150% of the cooling capacity.

312

Easy

What is the theoretical displacement of a compressor?


It is the volume of refrigerant delivered by a reciprocating compressor per unit of time, usually referred to by the manufacturer as the displacement. It depends on the compressor’s geometric dimensions and rotational speed.
This is the volume of refrigerant that flows through a reciprocating compressor during a single piston cycle.
The displacement of a compressor is determined by the dimensions of the cylinder – its volume (cm³)
The displacement capacity of a compressor is expressed by the coefficient of performance (COP)

313

Medium

Why is it essential to observe the correct phase sequence for scroll compressors and screw compressors?


Because this type of compressor has difficulty starting up if the phase sequence is changed.
Because these types of compressors are sensitive to voltage drops.
Because changing the phase sequence would reverse the direction of rotation of the compressor rotors, which could result in damage to the compressors.
Because the motor speed would decrease, and consequently the compressor’s capacity.

314

Medium

The cycle of a two-stage vapour-compression refrigeration system should have, in each stage of the system:


a compression ratio of less than 18.
a compression ratio of less than 6
a compression ratio of less than 8.
a compression ratio greater than 8.

315

Medium

Why is it necessary to seal the shafts in gland-sealed refrigeration compressors?


Because it ensures the bearing remains lubricated.
Because it protects the compressor’s crankshaft bearing.
Because we need to prevent air from entering the compressor and we need to prevent refrigerant from leaking from the compressor.
Because it prevents oil leakage.

316

Medium

When is the refrigerant sufficiently cooled?


When the liquid distributors are warm.
When no vapour bubbles are observed forming in the liquid sight glass.
When the evaporator is covered in frost.
When the outlet from the condenser is cold.

317

Medium

Why should the compressor crankcase be heated?


Heating prevents the refrigerant from dissolving in the oil.
Heating keeps the lubricating oil in a liquid state.
Heating improves the dissolution of the refrigerant in the oil, which is beneficial for its viscosity.
Heating ensures that the lubricating oil is de-watered.

318

Easy

What is the dead volume of a compressor?


It is the space between the valve plate and the bottom dead centre of the piston.
This is the space between the side surface of the piston and the cylinder.
It is the space between the valve plate and the top of the piston.
This is the space between the bottom of the piston and the crankshaft cover.

319

Medium

What are compressor sets?


These are sets comprising several compressors connected in any configuration.
These are units consisting of two-stage compressors.
These consist of a larger number (several) of compressors connected in parallel and mounted on a common frame.
These are multiple (several) air-cooled condensers.

320

Medium

What are the advantages of compressor units?


These are inexpensive and easy-to-install units.
Space-saving and lower energy consumption.
Easy modification of the system.
The ability to adjust the cooling capacity as required.

321

Medium

What do we mean by the ‘application range’ of a compressor?


By this term, we mean the following parameters: the evaporation and condensation temperatures (to and tk), or the pressure values that determine the compressor’s application.
By this term, we mean that the compressor’s application range is determined by the evaporation temperature ‘to’ at a given ambient temperature.
By this term, we mean that the compressor’s operating range is determined by the evaporation temperature ‘to’ during operation.
By this term, we mean the following parameters: compressor capacity, type of refrigerant, and the compressor’s geometric dimensions.

322

Medium

What are the basic functions of oil in a compressor?


The oil absorbs moisture from the refrigerant that enters the compressor.
The oil seals any leaks that develop in the system.
The oil lubricates both the bearings and the sliding surfaces of the compressor components, and cools the compressor by transferring the heat generated during compression to the compressor’s outer casing.
The oil seals the gap between the piston and the cylinder.

323

Medium

What are the most effective ways of regulating the compressor’s cooling capacity?


By partially covering the evaporator to reduce the heat exchange surface area.
Using an expansion valve.
By means of pressure control valves.
By changing the compressor’s displacement, by varying the rotational speed, or by deactivating individual cylinders.

324

Medium

What does compressor bypass control involve?


High-pressure liquid refrigerant is injected on the suction side of the compressor.
Hot, high-pressure refrigerant vapour is drawn in on the suction side of the compressor.
The bypass control is not used to regulate the compressor.
Refrigerant in the form of cooled, high-pressure vapour is introduced into the suction line.

325

Medium

What is the fundamental difference between hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors?


The casing of semi-hermetic compressors can be dismantled, whereas the casing of hermetic compressors cannot be dismantled.
Semi-hermetic compressors are characterised by the quiet operation of the entire unit.
Both types of compressors are disassemblable, and the difference lies in their varying capacities.
The housing of a hermetic compressor and the compressor itself form a single unit.

326

Medium

How does a scroll compressor work?


It is a device fitted with two spirals. It is a type of positive displacement (volumetric) compressor in which compression takes place through the interaction of the two spirals.
A scroll compressor is also known as a turbo compressor.
It uses two screws to compress the refrigerant.
It is a type of piston-type device.

327

Medium

What physical process takes place in the evaporator?


It causes the refrigerant flowing through it to condense.
The liquid refrigerant evaporates and a small amount of it becomes superheated.
The medium flowing through the evaporator (glycol, water) evaporates, whilst the refrigerant condenses.
It cools the refrigerant flowing through it.

328

Medium

What is the purpose of regulating the compressor’s capacity?


It ensures adequate lubrication of the compressor.
It ensures that the cooling capacity is adjusted based on condensing temperatures.
It allows the cooling capacity to be adjusted to meet requirements.
Capacity control protects the compressor from low thermal loads.

329

Medium

Why is inverter speed control suitable for refrigeration compressors?


Inverter speed control can be used with any type of compressor to ensure adequate lubrication.
By reducing the speed of the refrigeration compressor motor, inverter speed control improves the return oil flow to the compressor.
Inverter speed control enables continuous, smooth regulation of cooling capacity.
Inverter speed control reduces energy consumption only under natural conditions.

330

Medium

Does the suction gas temperature affect the cooling capacity of the compressor?


It does, but only for reciprocating compressors.
Temperature has no effect on the compressor’s cooling capacity.
It does, but only if the gas is deeply cooled.
It has a significant effect on performance.

331

Medium

In the case of compressor units fitted with an oil level control system, is it necessary to install the compressors at the same height?


Only scroll compressors.
No.
Yes.
Only screw compressors.

332

Medium

What functions does a compressor powered by the vehicle’s engine perform in a transport refrigeration system?


This compressor creates a vacuum on the suction side of the system whilst the vehicle’s engine is switched off.
This compressor condenses the refrigerant whilst the vehicle is in motion.
This compressor draws in refrigerant vapour from the evaporator, compresses it and then forces it into the condenser whilst the vehicle’s engine is running.
The compressor compresses ambient air and increases the pressure of the refrigerant.

333

Medium

Which natural fluids absorb heat from the refrigerant in the condenser?


Water and an antifreeze mixture.
Water or air.
Air and CO2.
Ammonia

334

Medium

What is the function of the condenser in refrigeration systems?


The heat absorbed in the evaporator and transferred during the compression process is then released into the environment via the condenser.
Heat from the compressor is then released into the environment via the condenser.
Heat released in the regenerative heat exchanger is absorbed by the condenser.
The heat absorbed in the evaporator is then released into the environment via the condenser

335

Medium

If the condensation temperature is higher than the critical point temperature of the refrigerant, condensation:


will always occur regardless of the temperature.
will not occur.
will occur provided a specially designed condenser is used.
temperature has no effect on condensation.

336

Medium

How does the subcooling of the refrigerant take place within a refrigeration system?


Subcooling of the refrigerant using oil (dissolving the refrigerant in oil).
Subcooling using high-pressure hot vapour.
Subcooling using an additional heat exchanger and liquid nitrogen.
Subcooling of the liquid refrigerant in the final section of the condenser.

337

Medium

What is the purpose of controlling the condenser fan speed?


Condenser fan speed control safeguards against the maximum permissible condensing pressure.
Condenser fan speed control ensures that the condensing pressure is maintained at the correct level.
Dispersion of the refrigerant in the event of a system leak.
Condenser fan speed control reduces energy efficiency.